Ubuntu and COVID-19 in South Africa: Surviving the Pandemic through Community Solidarity
Abstract
This article investigates the relevance of the African philosophy of ubuntu in the South African context during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data is drawn from the available academic literature and analysed using the elements of ubuntu as a theoretical lens. A systemic review was adopted as a methodological approach for the selection and review of scholarship that fosters unity and solidarity in times of crisis. The discussion delineates the impact of COVID-19 in South Africa and the significance of ubuntu in building community solidarity and resilience. It further demonstrates the universal nature of ubuntu with its intention of upholding togetherness and unity in times of crisis and renewal. Community solidarity ensures social protection and belonging, thereby propagating ubuntu as a way of navigating the global pandemic. Despite the contestations of the meaning and application of ubuntu, the findings of this study postulate that ubuntu is essential in times of crisis and renewal.
Keywords
Ubuntu, Social Protection, Community Solidarity, COVID-19 Pandemic, South Africa
References
- Ainslie, K., Walters, C., Han, F., Bhatia, S., Wang, H., Xi, X., Baguelin, M., Bhatt, S., Boonyasiri, A., Boyd, O., Cattarino, L., Ciavarella, C., Cucunuba, Z., Cuomo-Dannenburg, G., Dighe, A., Dorigatti, I., van Elsland, S., FitzJohn, R., Gaythorpe, K., . . . Reilly, S. (2020). Evidence of initial success for China exiting COVID-19 social distancing policy after achieving containment. Wellcome Open Research, 5, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15843.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15843.2
- Alon, T., Kim, M., Lagakos, D., & VanVuren, M. (2020). How should policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic differ in the developing world? National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w27273/w27273.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w27273
- Daniel, L. (2021, June 18). How Limpopo – one of SA's poorest provinces – is leading SA’s vaccine rollout. Business Insider South Africa. https://www.businessinsider.co.za/limpopo-fast-covid-19-vaccine-rollout-in-south-africa-2021-6
- Estifanos, A. S., Alemu, G., Negussie, S., Ero, D., Mengistu, Y., Addissie, A., Gebrehiwot, Y., Yifter, H., Melkie, A., Gebrekiros, D., Kotecho, M. G., Soklaridis, S., Cartmill, C,. Whitehead, C. R., & Wondimagegn, D. (2020). ‘I exist because of we’: shielding as a communal ethic of maintaining social bonds during the COVID-19 response in Ethiopia. BMJ Global Health, 5(7), 1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003204
- Gade, C. B. (2011). The historical development of the written discourses on ubuntu. South African Journal of Philosophy, 30(3), 303-329. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajpem.v30i3.69578 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/sajpem.v30i3.69578
- Gade, C. B. (2012). What is ubuntu? Different interpretations among South Africans of African descent. South African Journal of Philosophy, 31(3), 484-503. https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2012.10751789 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2012.10751789
- Gilbert, M. (1990). Walking together: A paradigmatic social phenomenon. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 15, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4975.1990.tb00202.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4975.1990.tb00202.x
- Igwe, P. A, Ochinanwata, C., Ochinanwata, N., Adeyeye, J. O., Ikpor, I. M., Nwakpu, S. E., Egbo, O. P., Onyishi, I. E., Vincent, O., Nwekpa, K. C., Nwakpu, K. O., Adeoye, A. A., Odika, P. O., Fakah, H., Ogunnaike, O. O., & Umemezia, E. O. (2020). Solidarity and social behaviour: how did this help communities to manage COVID-19 pandemic? International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(9/10), 1183-1200. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-07-2020-0276 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-07-2020-0276
- Jamieson, L., & Van Blerk, L. (2022). Responding to COVID-19 in South Africa–social solidarity and social assistance. Children's Geographies, 20(4), 427-436. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/14733285.2021.1924359 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2021.1924359
- Kaya, H. O., & Chinsamy, M. (2021). Combating world pandemics through complementarity of indigenous knowledge with other knowledge systems: A paradigm shift in healthcare research and education. Alternation, 38, 254-272. https://doi.org/10.29086/2519-5476/2021/sp38a11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29086/2519-5476/2021/sp38a11
- KZNCC. (2020). KZN COVID-19 churches respond. KZNCC. https://mailchi.mp/b76cd850ac3d/the-church-on-mission
- Lenzen, M., Li, M., Malik, A., Malik, A., Pomponi, F., Sun, Y., Wiedmann, T., Faturay, F., Fry, J., Gallego, B., Geschke, A., Gómez-Paredes, J., Kanemoto, K., Kenway, S., Nansai, K., Prokopenko, M., Wakiyama, T., Wang, Y., & Yousefzadeh, M. (2020). Global socio-economic losses and environmental gains from the Coronavirus pandemic. PLoS One, 15(7), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235654 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235654
- Marx, C. (2002). Ubu and ubuntu: On the dialectics of apartheid and nation building. Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies, 29(1), 49-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589340220149434 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02589340220149434
- Matolino, B., & Kwindingwi, W. (2013). The end of ubuntu. South African Journal of Philosophy, 32(2), 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2013.817637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2013.817637
- Mulaudzi, F. M., Anokwuru, R. A., Du-Plessis, M., & Lebese, R. (2022) Reflections on the concomitants of the restrictive visitation policy during the Covid-19 pandemic: An ubuntu perspective. Frontiers in Sociology, 6, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.769199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.769199
- Murithi, T. (2009). An African perspective on peace education: Ubuntu lessons in reconciliation. International Review of Education, 55(2-3), 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-009-9129-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-009-9129-0
- Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Aghaf, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
- Ngondo, P. S., & Klyueva, A. (2022). Toward an ubuntu-centered approach to health communication theory and practice. Review of Communication, 22(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2021.2024871 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2021.2024871
- Nussbaum, B. (2003). African culture and ubuntu. Perspectives, 17(1), 1-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281594403_African_culture_and_ubuntu_Reflections_of_a_South_African_in_America
- Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
- Pond, K. (2020, Oct 13). Refugees in South Africa share acts of kindness with their hosts. UNHCR The United Nations Refugee Agency. https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2020/10/5f7ec0574/refugees-south-africa-share-acts-kindness-hosts.html
- Pulla, V. (2017). Strengths-Based Approach in Social Work: A distinct ethical advantage. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, Vol 3, Issue 2, 97-114.
- Praeg, L. (2008). An answer to the question: What is [ubuntu]? South African Journal of Philosophy, 27(4), 367-385. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajpem.v27i4.31525 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/sajpem.v27i4.31525
- Ramose M. B. (2002). The philosophy of ubuntu and ubuntu as a philosophy. Mond Books.
- Ramose, M. B. (1999). African philosophy through Ubuntu. Mond Books.
- Republic of South Africa. (2020). Social grants - Coronavirus COVID-19. https://www.gov.za/covid-19/individuals-and-households/social-grants-coronavirus-covid-19
- Republic of South Africa. (2021). Social grant performance as at end March 20/21. Parliamentary Budget Office. https://www.parliament.gov.za/storage/app/media/PBO/National_Development_Plan_Analysis/2021/june/03-06-2021/May_2021_Social_Grant_fact_sheet.pdf
- Speiser, V. M., & Speiser, P. (2022). There are no silos when we are all suffering: Interviews and reflections on ubuntu and the arts in South Africa during COVID-19. Creative Arts in Education and Therapy (CAET), 71-88. https://doi.org/10.15212/CAET/2022/8/2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15212/CAET/2022/8/2
- Statistics South Africa. (2020). Results from wave 2 survey on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment and income in South Africa. http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-00-80-03/Presentation%20Impact%20of%20COVID-19%20-%2020%20May%202020.pdf
- Statistics South Africa. (2021a). National poverty lines. Statistics South Africa https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03101/P031012021.pdf
- Statistics South Africa. (2021b). Subjective poverty in South Africa: Findings from the general household 2019. Statistics South Africa. https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/03-10-25/03-10-252019.pdf
- Tutu, D. (2009). No future without forgiveness. Random House.
- Van Binsbergen, W. (2001). Ubuntu and the globalisation of Southern African thought and society. Quest: An African Journal of Philosophy, 15(1/2), 53-89. https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2870982/view
- Wilkinson, L., Moosa, S., Cooke, R., Muller, A. M., & Boyles, T. M. (2020). Preparing healthcare facilities to operate safely and effectively during the COVID-19 pandemic: The missing piece in the puzzle. South African Medical Journal, 110(9), 835-836. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v110i9.15094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2020.v110i9.150