Vol. 12 No. 02 (2024)
Journal Space and Culture, India

Special Articles

Feminisation of Extremism as a Socio-Psychological Phenomenon

Published 2024-09-27

  • Ainura Bolysbayeva
    • ,
  • Zharkynbek Abikenov
    • ,
  • Aigerim Bolysbayeva
    • ,
  • Raya Taskymbayeva
    • ,
  • Assem Sarsenova

Ainura Bolysbayeva
PhD Scholar, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 al-Farabi Ave., Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan

Zharkynbek Abikenov
Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda State University, 29A Aiteke bі Ave., Kyzylorda, 120014, Kazakhstan

Aigerim Bolysbayeva
PhD Scholar, K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, 34 A.Moldagulova Ave., Aktobe, 030000, Kazakhstan

Raya Taskymbayeva
Master of Pedagogical Sciences, K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, 34 A.Moldagulova Ave., Aktobe, 030000, Kazakhstan

Assem Sarsenova
Master of Humanitarian Sciences, K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, 34 A.Moldagulova Ave., Aktobe, 030000, Kazakhstan

Abstract

Today, religious extremism, transforming and evolving, has appeared before the world community in a new form of feminist extremism. Since the radicalisation of women affects all levels of society, from everyday life to political institutions, this problem is the most pressing at present. Therefore,  this study aims to make a socio-psychological portrait of a female terrorist. The article analysed video and print interviews of six women who were convicted under the article "Terrorism". In order to fully consider this problem, media materials devoted to these women were studied. The study explored the history of feminisation of extremism, its impact on society, and methods of prevention, as well as constructed a sociological portrait of a woman influenced by extremism and indicated her motives for radicalisation. The obtained data can be used to create programmes to counter extremism and terrorism, gathering information for public lectures.

Keywords

Muslim Women, Women’s Activism, Terrorism, Salafism, Feminisation of Extremism

pdf

References

  1. Abdellatif O., and Ottaway M. (2007). Women in Islamist Movements: Toward an Islamist Model of Women’s Activism. Carnegie Middle East Center. http://carnegieendowment.org/files/cmec2_women_in_islam_final1.pdf.
  2. Ahmed, L. (2011). A Quiet Revolution (1st ed.). Yale University Press. https://www.perlego.com/book/1089873/a-quiet-revolution-the-veils-resurgence-from-the-middle-east-to-america-pdf
  3. Akhmetova, A. (2016, 22 October). Sila Ubezhdeniya. Kazakhstanskaya Pravda. https://kazpravda.kz/n/iskusstvo-pereubezhdeniya/
  4. Al'-Obeyd, A. b. S. (2004). Ugrozy Terrorizma I Bor'ba S Nim. Aziya I Afrika Segodnya (4). Digital Library of Tajikistan. https://library.tj/m/articles/view/УГРОЗЫ-ТЕРРОРИЗМА-И-БОРЬБА-С-НИМ
  5. Arkin, D. (2015, 25 September). Dzhikhad al'-nikakh. Zheny seks-miloserdiya. Karavan https://www.caravan.kz/gazeta/dzhikhad-alnikakh-zheny-seksmiloserdiya-86920/
  6. Aitzhanova, D. (2019). Fenomen Zhenskogo Radikalizma I Metody Yego Profilaktiki. Tsentral'naya Aziya i Kavkaz. 22 (2), 127-136 https://ca-c.org.ru/journal/2019/journal_rus/cac-02/11.shtml
  7. Baker J., Obeidat S. and Kent J (2023, 22 March). Friend who inspired Shamima Begum to Join IS Mocks her as Non-believer. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-65031943
  8. Bakker, E. and de Leede, S. (2015). European Female Jihadists in Syria: Exploring and Under-Researched Topic. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague. 6 (2) 13p
  9. http://dx.doi.org/10.19165/2015.2.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19165/2015.2.02
  10. Baltanova G.R. (2016). Zhenskiy islamizm - Fenomen ХХI veka. Vestnik Ekonomiki, Prava i Sotsiologii. (1), 224-229. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zhenskiy-islamizm-fenomen-hhi-veka
  11. Berko, A., & Erez, E. (2007). Gender, Palestinian Women, and Terrorism: Women's Liberation or Oppression? Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30(6), 493–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100701329550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100701329550
  12. Bloom M. (2011). Bombshell: The Many Faces of Women Terrorists. London: Hurst Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812208108
  13. Cook, D. (2005). Women Fighting in Jihad? Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 28(5), 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100500180212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100500180212
  14. Cook, J., & Vale, G. (2018). From Daesh to'Diaspora': Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State. International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation
  15. Davis, J. (2017). Women in Modern Terrorism: From liberation wars to Global Jihad and the Islamic State. Rowman & Littlefield.
  16. De Leede, S. (2018). Western Women Supporting IS/Daesh in Syria and Iraq – An Exploration of their Motivations. International Annals of Criminology. 56(1–2), 43–54. DOI:10.1017/cri.2018.9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/cri.2018.9
  17. Dosanova, G. M. (2010). Gorodskiye Zhenshchiny V Khidzhabe. Novyy Fenomen V Kazakhstane?. Vestnik Rossiyskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov. Seriya: Sotsiologiya. (3), 5-11. https://journals.rudn.ru/sociology/article/view/6359
  18. Dronzina, T. (2005). Terroristki-Smertnitsy: Tendernoye Izmereniye Fenomena Novogo Global'nogo Terrorizma. Vestnik Yevrazii. (1), 154-177. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/terroristki-smertnitsy-tendernoe-izmerenie-fenomena-novogo-globalnogo-terrorizma
  19. Dronzina T. (2011). Terrorizma Zhenskiy Lik (rezul'taty mezhdunarodnogo issledovaniya). Astana
  20. Hoffman, D. (1994, 25 February). Doctor to Victims Turns Violent. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/02/26/doctor-to-victims-turns-violent/ca56505d-8f11-4c41-ab7e-e6e7b7f56188/
  21. Huntington, Samuel P. (1997). The Clash Of Civilizations And The Remaking Of World Order. New York: Touchstone
  22. Interfax (2023, 15 March). V Kirgizii Vyyavili "Zhenskoye Krylo" Terroristicheskoy Organizatsii "Khizb Ut-Takhrir".https://www.interfax.ru/world/891187
  23. Jefferis, J. (2011). Armed for Life: The Army of God and Anti-Abortion Terror in the United States. Praeger. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400614200
  24. Jones, J. W. (2008). Aum Shinrikyo: Violence And Terrorism In Japanese Buddhism. In Blood That Cries Out From The Earth: The Psychology Of Religious Terrorism (online ed.). Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335972.003.0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335972.003.0004
  25. Knoblauch H., Krech V., Wohlrab-Sahr M. (1998). Religi se Konversion. Systematische und Fallorientierte Studien in Soziologischer Perspektive. Konstanz
  26. Kolmakova, V. (2022, 12 November). V Siriyu Za "Luchshey" Zhizn'yu: Chem Zakonchilas' Istoriya Odnoy Kazakhstanki. Nur.kz. https://www.nur.kz/society/1996855-v-siriyu-za-luchshey-zhiznyu-chem-zakonchilas-istoriya-odnoy-kazahstanki/
  27. Kusayynuly, A. (2021). Akem Men Agamnyn Mayitin Taba Almadym: 14 Jasynda Syriadagy Sogyska Ketken Zhigittin Okkinishi. https://azattyq-ruhy.kz/person/23030-kem-men-agamnyn-m-iitin-taba-almadym-14-zhasynda-siriiadagy-sogyska-ketken-zhigittin-okinishi
  28. Markovic, V. (2018). Suicide Squad: Boko Haram’s Use of the Female Suicide Bomber. Women & Criminal Justice, 29(4-5), 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1629153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1629153
  29. Musabayeva, D. (2019, 26 July ). Aktyubinku Cherez 6 Let Vernuli Iz Sirii I Otdali Pod Sud. Diapazon. https://diapazon.kz/news/91712-aktyubinku-cherez-6-let-vernuli-iz-sirii-i-otdali-pod-sud
  30. Naaman, D. (2007). Brides of Palestine/Angels of Death: Media, Gender, and Performance in the Case of the Palestinian Female Suicide Bombers. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 32(4), 933-955. https://doi.org/10.1086/512624 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/512624
  31. National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2019 a). Şırmawdağı gülder (Flowers in chains) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bX8-4DeYH2o
  32. National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2019 b). Tsvety v okovakh (Flowers in Chains) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSDt9_Gb7pM
  33. Orozobekova Ch. (2022). Foreign Fighters and International Peace. Joining Global Jihad and Marching Back Homе. Hamilton Books DOI: https://doi.org/10.5771/9780761873716
  34. Ostrovskaya, E. (2016). Religioznoye «Yevreystvo»: Opyt Biograficheskogo Narrativa V Zakrytoy Gruppe. Sotsiologicheskiye Issledovaniya. (2), 110–118. https://www.socis.isras.ru/article/6064
  35. Perešin, A. (2015). Fatal Attraction: Western Muslimas and ISIS. Perspectives on Terrorism. 9(3), 21–38. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26297379.
  36. Sabirova, G. A. (2006). Formirovaniye Religioznoy Identichnosti V Megapolise: Na Primere Zhenshchin-Tatarok, Obuchayushchikhsya Na Religioznykh Kursakh V Moskve [Formation Of Religious Identity In A Metropolis: The Example of Tatar Women Studying Religious Courses in Moscow] (Candidate of Sociological Sciences dissertation, Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation).
  37. Saltman, E., & Smith, M. (2015). ‘Til Martyrdom Do Us Part’. Gender and the ISIS Phenomenon. Institute for Strategic Dialogue. http://www.strategicdialogue.org/Till_Martyrdom_Do_Us_Part_Gender_and_the_ISIS_ Phenomenon.pdf
  38. Sarieva, U. (2020, 17 February). Syriaga Barganima Katty Okinemin. Durbi. http://durbi.kz/2020/02/17/siriiaga-barganyma-qatty-okinemin/
  39. Speckhard, A. (2015). Bride of ISIS: One Young Woman's Path Into Homegrown Terrorism. Advances Press.
  40. Speckhard, A. (2020). Perspective: Ireland's Lisa Smith is a Test Run on Repatriation of ISIS Women. Homeland Security Today.
  41. Spencer, A. N. (2016). The Hidden Face of Terrorism: An Analysis of the Women in Islamic State. Journal of Strategic Security. 9(3), 74–98 http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.9.3.1549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.9.3.1549
  42. Tengrinews (2019). Kak Kazakhstantsev Verbuyut V Sirii, Rasskazali V KNB. https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/kak-kazahstantsev-verbuyut-v-sirii-rasskazali-v-knb-361430/
  43. The Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan https://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/K1400000226
  44. Thomas, William Isaac and Znaniecki, Florian(1927). The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. Alfred A. Knof. New York. https://archive.org/details/polishpeasantine01thom/page/n7/mode/2up
  45. Von Knop, K. (2007). The Female Jihad: Al Qaeda’s Women. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 30 (5), 397–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100701258585 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100701258585
  46. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2019). Handbook on Gender Dimensions of Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism. United Nations. https://www.unodc.org/documents/terrorism/Publications/17-08887_HB_Gender_Criminal_Justice_E_ebook.pdf
  47. Wohlrab-Sahr, M. (1995). Biographie und Religion. Zwischen Ritual und Selbstsuche. Frankfurt. N.Y.
  48. Zakon.kz (2019). Zhitel'nitsa VKO Obshchalas' S Terroristami, Nakhodivshimisya Na Territorii Sirii I Iraka. https://www.zakon.kz/redaktsiia-zakonkz/4963960-zhitelnitsa-vko-obshchalas-s.html

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Most read articles by the same author(s)