Vol. 13 No. 1 (2025)
Journal Space and Culture, India: Asia Pacific Region

Research

International Terrorism as a Threat to the National Security of the Countries of Central Asia

Published 2025-06-23

  • Murat Tuleyev
    • ,
  • Madina Axakalova
    • ,
  • Elmira Kagazbaeva
    • ,
  • Altyngul Imanbayeva

Murat Tuleyev
Republican Socio-Political Journal "Mysl", Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan

Madina Axakalova
Senior Lecturer, Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Kazakh National Women’s Teacher Training University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan

Elmira Kagazbaeva
Professor, Department of Oriental Studies, Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan

Altyngul Imanbayeva
Associate Professor, Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines and Physical Education, Academy of Logistics and Transport, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan

Abstract

The study is highly relevant due to the conjugation with the phenomenon of globalisation of regional integration processes. Because of the processes of regional integration and loosening of the state structure of many countries in general and countries of Central Asia in particular, there has also been an increased threat of international terrorism undermining global security. This study aims to analyse the prerequisites for forming international terrorism and extremism in the region. For this, the study deployed several methods, such as the theoretical method, the method of logical analysis, the method of deduction, the method of induction, the dogmatic method, and others. The study revealed that Central Asia's states have a rather crucial geopolitical significance due to the availability of energy resources and geographical location, particularly for participation in international integration projects. But at the same time, the development of countries is hindered by terrorist threats stemming from the large number of internal problems that provoke this phenomenon. It was noted that international terrorism is a serious challenge to the functional development of Eurasian integration. The main prerequisites and directions for the development of terrorist activity were identified, and, importantly, an analysis of the identified factors on the regional security of the Central Asian states was carried out. It was also revealed that at the present stage, there is a prospect of increasing the activity of terrorist, extremist, and separatist groups in the region. To counteract the spread of these phenomena, an integrated approach of a global orientation was proposed, which will provide an opportunity to increase the level of national and international security.

Keywords

Integration Processes, Geopolitics, Extremism, International Terrorism, Terrorist Threats, Central Asia

pdf

Author Biography

Murat Tuleyev

Republican Socio-Political Journal "Mysl", Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan

Madina Axakalova

Senior Lecturer, Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, Kazakh National Women’s Teacher Training University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan

Elmira Kagazbaeva

Professor, Department of Oriental Studies, Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan

Altyngul Imanbayeva

Associate Professor, Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines and Physical Education, Academy of Logistics and Transport, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan

References

  1. Abdraimov, B., Suleimenova, S., & Saimova, S. (2013). Theoretical and methodological basis for the economic mechanism of land rent in foreign countries. Actual Problems of Economics, 145(7), 217–225. https://eco-science.net/archive/2013/APE-07-2013.rar
  2. Apakhayev, N., Adilova, K., Bugybay, D., Mukaldyeva, G., Mukhamadiyeva, G.N., & Koshpenbetov, B. M. (2017). Childhood legal protection in Kazakhstan. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 8(3), 714–721. https://doi.org/10.14505/jarle.v8.3(25).03
  3. Apakhayev, N., Adilova, K., Bugybay, D., Toktybaev, A., & Kopbayev, D. (2024). The problem of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of the child in the family and outside it. Danube, 15(3), 221–236. https://doi.org/10.2478/danb-2024-0013
  4. Apakhayev, N., Omarova, A. B., Kussainov, S., Nurahmetova, G. G., Buribayev, Y. A., Khamzina, Z. A., Kuandykov, B., Tlepina, S. V., & Kala, N. S. (2018). Review on the outer space legislation: Problems and prospects. Statute Law Review, 39(3), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmx010
  5. Bayanbayeva, A., Makhmadinov, D., Myrzatayev, N., Niyetalina, G., Narbayeva, G., Suleimenova, S., & Altynbassov, B. (2023). The Transformational Role of Entrepreneurial Universities in Fostering Tourism Sector of Kazakhstan: Legal Documentary Analysis. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 14(4), 2046–2055. https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v14.4(68).16
  6. Bifolchi, G. (2023). Kyrgyzstan security forces eliminated a terrorist near Bishkek: why does it matter? SpecialEurasia. https://www.specialeurasia.com/2023/05/18/kyrgyzstan-terrorist-bishkek/
  7. Botakaraev, B. (2018). Hizb-Ut Tahrir and the Islamic movement of Uzbekistan in Central Asia. Objective and analysis. Journal of Institute of Economic Development and Social Researches, 3(5), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.31623/iksad.15
  8. Buribayev, Y. A., Khamzina, Z. A., Suteeva, C., Apakhayev, N. Z., Kussainov, S. Z., & Baitekova, K. Z. (2020). Legislative regulation of criminal liability for environmental crimes. Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management, 8(4), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.5890/jeam.2020.12.002
  9. Collective Rapid Response Forces of the CSTO. (2009). https://jscsto.odkb-csto.org/voennaya-sostavlyauschaya-odkb/ksorodkb.php
  10. Collet, E. (2024). Victims of Kazakhstan's 'Bloody January' long for justice. Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/06/24/victims-of-kazkhstan-s-bloody-january-long-for-justice_6675593_4.html
  11. Collins, K. (2020). Building a social base through Islamic ideas and spiritual authority: The Islamic renaissance party of Tajikistan, 1999-2015. Constitutionalism without Adjectives, 95, 1-3. https://biblio.liuc.it/scripts/essper/ricerca.asp?tipo=scheda&codice=11430673
  12. Faichuk, O., Voliak, L., Hutsol, T., Glowacki, S., Pantsyr, Y., Slobodian, S., Szeląg-Sikora, A., & Gródek-Szostak, Z. (2022). European Green Deal: Threats Assessment for Agri-Food Exporting Countries to the EU. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(7), 3712. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073712
  13. Fatima, Q., & Zafar, S. (2020). New great game: Players, interests, strategies and Central Asia. South Asian Studies, 29(2), 623-652. https://www.proquest.com/openview/fd9e59e795c999f45651c829eabf96c4/1
  14. Fogacci, F., Norata, G. D., Toth, P. P., Arca, M., & Cicero, A. F. (2020). Efficacy and safety of volanesorsen (ISIS 304801): The evidence from phase 2 and 3 clinical trials. Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 22(5), 18. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11883-020-00836-w
  15. Foreign fighters: An updated assessment of the flow of foreign fighters into Syria and Iraq. (2015). The Soufan Group. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep10784
  16. Goswami, S., & Bhatia, K. (2020). International terrorism. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 24(3), 110-129. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48590646
  17. Hillier, A. D., Lord, J. S., Ishida, K., & Rogers, C. (2018). Muons at ISIS. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 377, 20180064. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0064
  18. Hysi, A., Avdulaj, J., Shahini, E., Goga, I., & Shahini, E. (2024). Role of legal regulation in the establishment and development of the public administration system with local self-government aspects. Social and Legal Studios, 7(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.32518/sals1.2024.27
  19. Ismayilov, V., Aslanzade, I., Guliyev, R., Ismayilov, I., & Lala, J. (2024). Labour migration and development in azerbaijan, 1998-2022. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 24(2), 85–102.
  20. Ismayilov, V., Mammadova, F., Fataliyeva, G., & Shykhyly, K. (2025). Development of an Econometric Model of the Relationship between Migration Dynamics and Demographic Factors in Azerbaijan. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 10, 50–61. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i3s.358
  21. Jalalzai, M. K. (2020). Prospect of biological and nuclear terrorism in Central Asia and Russia: Foreign fighters, the ISIS, Chechens extremists, Katibat-i-Imam Bukhari Group, Islamic movement of Uzbekistan and the Al Nusra front. Dehli: Vij Books India.
  22. Kalaganov, B., Madiyarova, A. S., Sartayeva, K. R., Kim, E. P., Apakhayev, N., & Buribayev, Y. A. (2018). Legal fundamentals of the Kazakhstan’s environmental international cooperation: New vectors of legislative reforms. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 9(7), 1525–1538. https://doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v9.7(31).16
  23. Kapitonov, I. A., & Vilks, A. (2022). Economic regulation of energy costs when integrated into distribution networks of industrial enterprises. Energy and Environment, 33(3), 435–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X211005723
  24. Karagiannis, E. (2011). Political Islam in Central Asia: The challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir. London: Routledge. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203866887
  25. Karamyshev, D., Suvorov, V., Yuliya, Y., Sobol, R., & Myrna, M. (2024). Multi-level public administration in the context of hybrid threats. Social and Legal Studios, 7(2), 44-54. https://doi.org/10.32518/sals2.2024.44
  26. Kassab, H. S., & Rosen, J. D. (2022). Terrorism and organized crime. In The Illegal Drug Trade and Global Security. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 101-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15562-8
  27. Khamzin, A. S., Aldashev, S., Tileubergenov, Y. M., Kussainova, A. K., Khamzina, Z. A., & Buribayev, Y. A. (2016). Legal regulation of employment in Kazakhstan. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(18), 11907-11916.
  28. Kullolli, B. (2024). Hacker Attacks on Electronic Election and Vote Counting Systems: Estimation of Damages and Methods of Protection. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 16(3), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.3.31.44
  29. Kyrychok, T., Baglai, V., & Kyrychok, A. (2020). Optical methods of banknotes sorting for Ukrainian Hryvnia: Results and problems. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 11369, 1136918. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2553936
  30. LaFree, G., Dugan, L., & Fahey, S. (2020). Global terrorism and failed states. In J.J. Hewitt, J. Wilkenfeld, & T. R. Gurr (Eds.), Peace and Conflict 2008. New York: Routledge, pp. 39-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003076186-6
  31. Lemon, E. (2018). Talking up terrorism in Central Asia. Kennan Cable, 38, 1-12. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/kennan_cable_38.pdf
  32. Llazo, E., Ryspaeva, A., Kubiczek, J., Mehdiyev, V., & Ketners, K. (2024). Trends and Prospects of Financial System Development in the Context of Digitalization. Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields, 15(4), 783–797. https://doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v15.4(32).01
  33. Lyndyuk, A., Boiko, V., Bruh, O., Olishchuk, P., & Rurak, I. (2023). Development of international cooperation of the borderline territorial communities of Ukraine with the EU countries under martial law. Financial and Credit Activity: Problems of Theory and Practice, 5(52), 244–255. https://doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.5.52.2023.4161
  34. Lyndyuk, A., Havrylyuk, I., Tomashevskii, Y., Khirivskyi, R., & Kohut, M. (2024). The impact of artificial intelligence on marketing communications: New business opportunities and challenges. Economics of Development, 23(4), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.57111/econ/4.2024.60
  35. Margariti, S. (2018). Defining international terrorism to protect human rights in the context of counter-terrorism. Security and Human Rights, 29(1-4), 173-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02901004
  36. Maulenov, K. S., Kudubayeva, S. A., & Uvaliyeva, A. A. (2021). Studying a Face Search Method Based on the Idea of Sparse Data Representation by Generating Random Points. In: SIST 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Conference on Smart Information Systems and Technologies (article number 9465986). Nur-Sultan: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIST50301.2021.9465986
  37. Maulenov, K., Kudubayeva, S., & Razakhova, B. (2023). Modern Problems of Face Recognition Systems and Ways of Solving Them. Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle, 37(1), 209–214. https://doi.org/10.18280/ria.370126
  38. Mbanugo, O., & Ewulum, B. E. (2015). International terrorism and violation of human rights: A legal panacea. Journal of Current Issues in Nigerian Law, 1(1), 23-35. https://journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org/index.php/JOCINL/article/view/2072
  39. Minardi, A. (2019). The new movement of Islamic revivalist accommodationist and confrontationist (prosperous justice party and Hizb ut-Tahrir). Journal of Indonesian Islam, 12(2), 247-264. http://repository.unpas.ac.id/id/eprint/42288
  40. Mukambaeva, I., Lailieva, E., Mukambaev, N., Shambetova, E., Kibets, E., & Mikhalin, S. (2023). Factor Assessment of the Mortality in Kyrgyzstan Through Data Analysis. In: SIST 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Smart Information Systems and Technologies, Proceedings (pp. 261–266). Astana: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIST58284.2023.10223570
  41. Murphy, J. F. (2017). State support of international terrorism: Legal, political, and economic dimensions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  42. Netanyahu, B. (2017). International terrorism: Challenge and response. London: Routledge.
  43. Nitsenko, V., Nyenno, I., Kryukova, I., Kalyna, T., & Plotnikova, M. (2017). Business model for a sea commercial port as a way to reach sustainable development goals. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 7(1), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2017.7.1(13)
  44. Nurtazina, R., & Toktushakov, A. (2017). Internal migration in central Asia: Social risks (case studies of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan). Central Asia and the Caucasus, 18(4), 46–56. https://www.ca-c.org/CAC/index.php/cac/article/view/1397
  45. Nurtazina, R., Abildayev, A., Nurtaza, A., & Aubakirova, L. (2015). Energy security as a political problem of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Social Sciences (Pakistan), 10(6), 845–847. https://www.makhillpublications.co/files/published-files/mak-tss/2015/6-845-847.pdf
  46. Nurtazina, R., Tokar, P., & Ruban, S. (2018). Ukraine and Kazakhstan: Together in the Great Silk Road Project. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 19(3), 73–81. https://www.ca-c.org/CAC/index.php/cac/article/view/1460
  47. Organization of the Collective Security Treaty. (2022). https://www.odkb-csto.org/
  48. Schmid A. P. (2018). Revisiting the relationship between international terrorism and transnational organised crime 22 years later. https://www.icct.nl/publication/revisiting-relationship-between-international-terrorism-and-transnational-organised
  49. Shahini, E., Fedorchuk, M., Hruban, V., Fedorchuk, V., & Sadovoy, O. (2024). Renewable energy opportunities in Ukraine in the context of blackouts. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 81(1), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2024.2320021
  50. Shanghai Cooperation Organization. (2022). http://rus.sectsco.org/
  51. Sharipova, D., & Beissembayev, S. (2021). Causes of violent extremism in Central Asia: The case of Kazakhstan. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 46(9), 1702-1724. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2021.1872163
  52. Sheryazdanova, G., Nurtazina, R., Byulegenova, B., & Rystina, I. (2020). Correlation between e-government and corruption risks in Kazakhstan. Utopia y Praxis Latinoamericana, 25(Extra 7), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4009592
  53. Sheryazdanova, G., Nurtazina, R., Byulegenova, B., Serikzhanova, A., & Dzhunusova, A. (2024). Socioeconomic and Political Causes of Youth Radicalization during the January 2022 Events in Kazakhstan. Global Perspectives, 5(1), 120495. https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2024.120495
  54. Shukurov, I. (2022). Turkmenistan's strategy and policy regarding energy resources. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics”, 9(2), 38-45. https://doi.org/10.52566/msu-econ.9(2).2022.38-45
  55. Shulin, C., & Yipu, Z. (2024). President Xi’s Silk Road stories: A new era begins in Kazakhstan. http://en.people.cn/n3/2024/0703/c90000-20188573.html
  56. Sinnar, S. (2019). Separate and unequal: The law of domestic and international terrorism. Michigan Law Review, 117(7), 1333-1404. https://doi.org/10.36644/mlr.117.7.separate
  57. Tajikistan has convicted 170 people for their involvement in an attempted military coup. (2022). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/orutp-tajikistan-violence-convictions-idRUKCN10F1DE
  58. Tepavicharova, M., Aleksejeva, L., & Vazov, R. (2020). Interaction of Subordinate Staff Management and Factors of Economic Performance of Companies in the Bulgarian Mining and Quarrying Sector. E3S Web of Conferences, 174, 04031. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017404031
  59. Tinnes, J. (2020). Bibliography: Terrorism in, or originating from, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Russia. Perspectives on Terrorism, 14(2), 112-141. https://pt.icct.nl/sites/default/files/2023-04/complete%20issue%20volume%2014%20issue%202.pdf
  60. Wang, J., & Kong, D. (2019). Counter-terrorism cooperation between China and Central Asian states in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 5(1), 65-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S2377740019500027
  61. Wilkinson, P. (2019). Fighting the Hydra: International terrorism and the rule of law. In Terrorism, Ideology, and Revolution. New York: Routledge, pp. 205-224.
  62. Yevseiev, S., Hryshchuk, R., Molodetska, K., Nazarkevych, M., Hrytsyk, V., Milov, O., et al. (2022). Modeling of security systems for critical infrastructure facilities. In: Modeling of Security Systems for Critical Infrastructure Facilities (pp. 1–181). Kharkiv: Technology Center. https://doi.org/10.15587/978-617-7319-57-2
  63. Zhanbulatova, R., Zhiyenbayev, M., Dyusembekova, M., & Nurtazina, R. (2020). The energy vector of Kazakhstan-Russia relations in the context of global changes on the international energy market. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 21(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.2.11
  64. Zile, A., Palkova, K., & Vilks, A. (2023). Study of the Influence of External Conditions and Materials on the Preservation of Hidden Prints under Water. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 15(2), 305–322.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.