Vol. 12 No. 4 (2025)
Journal Space and Culture, India

Special Articles

Rituals of Belonging: Challenging the Sacred Marginalised Views of Hijras in India

Published 2025-03-29

  • Seshaa Senbagam
    • ,
  • S Vijayalakshmi

Seshaa Senbagam
Research Scholar, School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

S Vijayalakshmi
Associate Professor, Dean In-Charge, School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

Hijras, a third-gender community deeply rooted in South Asian cultures, has long held spiritual and social significance. Revered for their unique position outside the traditional gender binary, Hijras were historically believed to possess powers to bless and curse, playing integral roles in various rituals and ceremonies. This research article explores the intricate relationship between Hijra rituals, identity formation, and societal perceptions in India. Drawing on cultural relativism, the study challenges the dominant societal tendency to position Hijras within a binary of sacredness and marginalisation, hindering their full participation in everyday life. Through in-depth analysis of rituals, informed by seminal works like Gayatri Reddy's With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India (2005) and Serena Nanda's Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India (1996), the research illuminates how these practices become a powerful means for hijras to construct and negotiate their identities. By examining rituals as vehicles of both religious and cultural expression, the study reveals how hijras navigate their marginalised status while simultaneously carving out a space of profound meaning and belonging. This binary view, venerating them as sacred or ostracising them as outcasts, ultimately denies Hijras the recognition and inclusion they deserve as equals within Indian society. This research contributes to broader discussions on gender diversity, cultural heritage, and the complexities of social inclusion in India, emphasising the importance of understanding Hijra experiences through their own cultural lens.

Keywords

Ethnography, Sacred Community, Hijra, Cultural Rituals, Marginalised, Cultural Relativism

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Author Biography

Seshaa Senbagam

Research Scholar, School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

S Vijayalakshmi

Associate Professor, Dean In-Charge, School of Social Sciences and Languages,Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

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