Women at the Crossroads: The Intersectional Dynamics of Women’s Movements in Assam
Abstract
The paper explores the mobilisation, interdependence, and organisation of the women's movement in Assam, locating it from the landmark events of the Assam Movement through a feminist lens. Instead of positioning women as passive recipients in Assam’s conflict-ridden areas, it captures the feminist recovery in the state’s men-led political movement. The study points out that while male leadership in Assam’s movements often relied on women’s involvement, women’s specific demands were frequently overlooked, and their voices were marginalised. In response, women have sought to reclaim their agency and narrate an alternative history. However, the social basis of the women’s movement is neither class nor ethnic minority but based on shared social circumstances. Therefore, studying the women’s movement in Assam, this paper considered an essential concern of feminism: dissimilarities and contrasting factors among women, depicting that gender alone does not marginalise. With a focus on this research gap, this study underscores the importance of an intersectional approach to understanding the fractured solidarity within Assam’s women’s movement, addressing a significant gap in feminist writing.
Keywords
Women’s Activism, Socio-Cultural Shifts, Intersectional Feminism, Assam, India
References
- Afshar, H. (1996). Women and Politics in Third World. Routledge.
- Agnihotri, I., and Mazumdar, V. (1995). Changing Terms of Political Discourse: Women’s Movement in India, 1970s-1990s. Economic and Political Weekly, 30 (29), 1869–1878.
- Ahmed, S. (2017). Living a Feminist Life. Duke University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822373377
- Ahmed, S. (1999). Differences that Matter: Feminist Theory and Postmodernism. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489389
- Ardener, S. (Ed.). (1993). Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps. (1st ed.). Routledge.
- Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G., and Tiffin, H. (2007). Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts. Routledge, Second Edition.
- Banerjee, P. (2014). Women, Violence and North-East India. Economic and Political Weekly, 49 (43/44), 39-40.
- Barnes, A. (Ed.) (2015). Feminism of Discontent: Global Contestation. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199452941.001.0001
- Baruah, A. K. (1991). Social Tensions in Assam Middle-Class Politics. Purbanchal.
- Baruah, S. (1999). India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Basu, A. (1995). The Challenge of Local Feminisms: Women's Movements in Global Perspective. West View Press.
- Behera, A. (2017). The Majoritarian Way to Democracy: The Bodoland Conflict in Assam. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 42(3), 135–145. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26585103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0304375418757094
- Bhattacharya, J. (2010). Gender, Peace-Making and The Case of Northeast India. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 71(1), 233–239. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42748384
- Charlton, Thomas, Lois E. Myers, and Rebecca Sharpless (2006). Handbook of Oral History. AltaMira Press.
- Saikia, A. (2023). Women and Resistance in the Conflict-Affected Bodoland Territorial Council Region of Assam. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 30(2), 188-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/09715215231158127 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/09715215231158127
- Cole, E. R., Zucker, A. N., & Ostrove, J. M. (1998). Political Participation and Feminist Consciousness among Women Activists of the 1960s. Political Psychology, 19(2), 349–371. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3792052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00108
- Collins, P.H. (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203900055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203900055
- Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum: 1, Article 8. http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
- Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
- Deka, K. (2013). From Movements to Accords and Beyond: The Critical Role of Student Organisations in the Formation and Performance of Identity in Assam. Nmml Occasional Paper: Perspectives in Indian Development New Series 9. 1-32. Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi.
- Deka, M. (1996). Student Movements in Assam. Vikas Publication House.
- Dutta, A. R. (2017). BJP’s Electoral Victory in Assam, 2016: Co-opting the Khilonjiyas. Social Change. 47(1), 108–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085716683114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085716683114
- Dutta, N. (2012). Questions of Identity in Assam: Location, Migration, Hybridity. New Delhi: Sage Publications India.
- Ghosh, R., Chakravarti, P., & Mansi, K. (2015). Women’s Empowerment and Education: Panchayats and Women’s Self-Help Groups in India. Policy Futures in Education, 13(3), 294-314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210315571214 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210315571214
- Gohain, H. (1989). Bodo Stir in Perspective. Economic and Political Weekly, 24(25), 1377–1379. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4394984
- Goswami, U. (2014). Conflict and Reconciliation: The Politics of Ethnicity in Assam. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315734101
- Hassan, M. & Bezbaruah, M.P. (2023). Income Inequality A Cross-states and Cross-Community Analysis. Economic and Political Weekly. 58(10). 44-51.
- Hazarika, S. (2018). Strangers No More: New Narratives from India's Northeast. Aleph Book Company.
- Jamil, G. (2016). Real Life Methods. Feminist Explorations of Segregation in Delhi. Economic and Political Weekly, 5 (18), 48–56.
- Khullar, M. (2005). Writing the Women's Movement: A Reader. Zubaan Publisher.
- Kolas, A. (2017). Women, Peace and Security in Northeast India. Zubaan Publisher.
- Littlewood, C. (2017). Intersectionality & Activism go hand in hand. The Queen’s University since 1983 Journal. https://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2017-02-13/lifestyle/intersectionality-and-activism-go-hand-in-hand/.
- Mahanta, A. (1998). Women Movement in Assam and Northeast India: An Assessment. In M. S. Karna (Ed.), Social Movements in North-East India (pp. 43–51). Indus Publishing Company.
- Medhi, H. (2016). 'Great Sensation in Guwahati': Mini’s Marriage, Assam Mahila Samity, and the Sarda Act in late colonial Assam. In N. Dutta (Ed.). Communities of women in Assam: Being and doing and thinking together (pp. 17–41). Routledge.
- Mishra, R. (Ed.) (2011). Women Freedom Fighters in Assam in Madhu Rajput ‘Understanding Northeast’. Manak Publications.
- Mohanty, C. T., Ann R., and Lourdes, T. (1991). Third World Women and Politics
- of Freedom. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- Office of the Registrar General, India. (2011). India Census 2011. https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CensusData2011.html
- Pisharoty, S. B. (2019). Assam: The Accord, The Discord. Penguin Random House India Private Limited.
- Radheye, S. (2020). All Assam Students’ Union, Anti CAA Protests and Lack of women’s Representation. https://countercurrents.org/2020/02/all-assam-students-union-anti-caa-protests-and-lack-of-womens-representation/
- Sen, I. (2005). A Space within the Struggle. In M. Khullar (Ed.). Writing the women’s movement: A reader (pp. 113–130). Zubaan.
- Rai, S. (1996). Women and the State in the Third World. In H. Afshar (Ed.). Women and politics in the Third World. Routledge.
- Sharma, D. (1987). Role of the Women of Assam in the Freedom Movement during the Period of 1921-47 with Special Reference to Brahmaputra Valley. PhD thesis of Gauhati University, Guwahati.
- Streijffert, H. (1974). The Women’s Movement — a Theoretical Discussion. Acta Sociologica, 17(4), 344-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/000169937401700404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000169937401700404
- The Economist. (2024, June 20). Birubala Rabha fought to end the stigmatisation of women. The Economist.
- Tungohan, E. (2015). Intersectionality and Social Justice: Assessing Activists’ Use of Intersectionality through Grassroots Migrants’ Organizations in Canada. Politics, Groups, and Identities. 4(3), 347–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2015.1064006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2015.1064006
- Waylen, G. (1997). Analysing Women in the Politics of the Third World. Review of Japanese Culture and Society, 9, 1–14. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42800156